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La Superluna es la luna llena que se produce cuando ésta está en el perigeo, esto es, en el punto más cercano a la Tierra.
La Luna se encuentra a unos 384.000 km de la Tierra, mide 3.474 km de diámetro, mientras que la Tierra mide 12.742. Forman un auténtico planeta doble con el baricentro —centro de gravedad— a pocos quilómetros bajo la superficie terrestre. El esquema del sistema a escala es éste:
Por poner un ejemplo más cercano, supngamos que un niño de 1,2 m de altura representa el diámetro de la Tierra, su pelota de 30 cm sería la Luna y estaría a unos treinta metros de él:
Aunque la órbita de la Luna es prácticamente circular, tiene una ligera excentricidad, por lo que puede alejarse de la Tierra hasta 406.000 km y acercarse hasta 356.000 km de promedio. Esta diferencia de distancias produce un cambio en el aspecto de la Luna. Si ésta fuese un plato de 30 cm de diámetro, es como si se encontrase a 31 o a 35 metros de distancia. Más o menos, así:
Como se ve, como fenómeno astronómico no tiene demasiado interés. Tan solo es algo que los medios de comunicación han puesto de moda con un nombre rimbombante. Mucho más interesantes y vistosas que la Superluna son, por ejemplo, las conjunciones que se producen este año:
- 22 de enero: Conjunción Venus-Júpiter (2,4º)
- 18 de febrero: Conjunción Venus-Saturno al amanecer (1,1º)
- 04 de marzo: Alineamiento al amanecer de Júpiter-Saturno-Venus-Luna
- 27 de marzo: Luna a 1,5º de Júpiter 01:50 UT
- 29 de marzo: Luna a 0,6º de Saturno 03:20 UT
- 10 de abril: Conjunción Venus-Neptuno al amanecer (0,2º)
- 18 de junio: Conjunción Mercurio-Marte al atardecer (0,2º)
- 19 de junio: Luna a 1º de Saturno 05:10 UT
- 10 de agosto: Luna a 1,7º de Júpiter 00:30 UT
- 03 de octubre: Luna a 1,2º de Júpiter 21:54 UT
- 05 de octubre: Luna a 0,9º de Saturno 22:00 UT
- 24 de noviembre: Conjunción Venus-Júpiter al atardecer (1,5º)
- 11 de diciembre: Conjunción Venus-Saturno al atardecer (1,8º)
—La indicación UT significa tiempo universal. Desde la Península hay que sumarle una hora en invierno y dos en verano.—
O el más interesante tránsito de Mercurio de noviembre. Éste no hay que perdérselo.
Para más información, contacta con nosotros.
Las imágenes de la Luna son de Miguel Ángel Martín Serrano.
Los gráficos y montajes son del autor.
Francisco García-Luengo Manchado
Asociación Daimieleña de Astronomía
53 comentarios
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