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Francisco García-Luengo Manchado
Asociación Daimieleña de Astronomía
La pareidolia —palabra que ni siquiera aparece en el diccionario de la RAE— es un término técnico del campo de la psicología que hace referencia a la capacidad del ser humano para reconocer formas. Por ejemplo dos puntos y una línea debajo: pese a los pocos elementos disponibles, somos capaces de reconocer una cara. ¿Y qué tiene esto que ver con las constelaciones?

Figura 1: Dos puntos y una línea y… ¡magia! aparece un rostro.
Las constelaciones son agrupaciones casuales de estrellas que por convención se les asigna un nombre y una forma. Dada la enorme diversidad de posibilidades, tantas como culturas, que existen para realizar tales agrupaciones, en 1928, apenas diez años después de su fundación, la Unión Astronómica Internacional da nombre y espacio oficial a 88 constelaciones —una de ellas, doble—. La mitad de las constelaciones «oficiales» provienen de la cultura griega clásica, pero muchas de éstas, a su vez, tienen su origen en la potentísima cultura mesopotámica. Al resto de agrupaciones
«no oficiales», como «el carro», que forma parte de la Osa Mayor, «la tetera» de Sagitario, «el cuadrado de Pegaso», con estrellas de Pegaso y Andrómeda o «el triángulo de verano» que toma estrellas de Águila, Lira y Cisne, se les llama asterismos. En cualquier caso, las estrellas de una constelación no tienen relación física con el resto de las estrellas de la constelación, en general — hay notables excepciones como el asterismo de «el carro» que veremos más tarde, o el «cinturón de Orión»—.

Figura 2: Esquema de la constelación de la Osa Mayor (Unión
Astronómica Internacional y «Sky & Telescope»). Incluye, en el recuadro marcado, el famoso asterismo del «cazo», del «carro», el
«trasero de una osa»… Cada cual ve algo distinto.
La formación de las constelaciones, que no tienen hoy en día especial utilidad científica —en la antigüedad y para aficionados actuales servían y sirven para orientarse a la hora de buscar objetos
— tiene mucho que ver con el fenómeno de la pareidolia, en este caso, para encontrar formas figurativas en un conjunto no relacionado de los puntos brillantes de la bóveda celeste.
Como ejemplo esta diversidad de interpretaciones de un mismo agrupamiento, incluso en culturas tan cercanas como la griega, la romana y la nuestra, veremos la interpretación del mismo asterismo, «el carro» según esas interpretaciones: pueden ser los cuartos traseros de una osa, un cazo, un carro… incluso ocho bueyes arando.
Como curiosidades, en 1928 se eliminaron algunas constelaciones, como por ejemplo
«cuadrante mural» que hace referencia a un instrumento astronómico, pero que dejó su nombre en una lluvia de estrellas. Otra constelación eliminada fue la de el «gato», inventada por Lalande, que quería aunar así su amor por los felinos y la astronomía. También se dividió la enorme «Argo Navis» en Popa, Quilla, Vela y Brújula.
Existió un intento de cristianizar el cielo, asignando el nombre de los apóstoles a la banda zodiacal y sustituir todo el ciclo de Casiopea y Perseo por la Sagrada Familia; se llegaron incluso a publicar mapas con estas constelaciones —Julius Schiller, 1627—.
En algunas culturas, las constelaciones no son agrupamientos de estrellas sino manchas oscuras en el firmamento.
En el famosísimo «Ciclo de Trántor» de Isaac Asimov, se resuelve un misterio gracias a que el protagonista descubre que la constelación asociada a una falsa leyenda nunca pudo existir desde el punto de vista de un determinado planeta y momento—visualización en tres dimensiones de las estrellas—.
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