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La madera ha desempeñado un papel importante en la historia de la humanidad, siendo una de las materias primas más antiguas que se conocen. Según estudios detallados, los artesanos egipcios dedicados a la ebanistería construyeron sillas sorprendentemente parecidas a las actuales.
Transcurrido el tiempo y adecuándose a la normal evolución, el ebanista, tallador de madera, era considerado como oficio de alto relieve social y de selecto nivel profesional, ya que creaban tendencia con los modelos y estilos elaborados por ellos mismos a instancia de reyes y magnates de épocas históricas (estilo Luis XIV, Luis XV, estilo isabelino, jacobino, victoriano, etc.), aunque los maestros del gremio se sometían a un severo examen por parte de tribunales profesionales que aprobaban o no la pieza de madera que mandaban construir al aspirante a maestro ebanista, nombre por cierto aplicado al oficio dedicado al trabajo del ébano, madera preciosa.
Camas, mesas, sillas, aparadores, alacenas, estanterías, cómodas, sillones, escritorios, armarios, etc., eran fabricados por especialistas del gremio utilizando herramientas que requerían mucho tiempo de aprendizaje para la correcta precisión exigida. El cepillo, la garlopa, el serrucho, la barrena, el escoplo, la gubia, el triscador, la sierra, el berbiquí, el formón… y muchas más, se usaban para el artesanal oficio de tratar maderas de todo tipo y origen, como el nogal, pino, castaño, roble, almendro, abeto, olmo, haya, chopo…, sin olvidarnos de las maderas preciosas como la caoba, el ébano, el sándalo…
En tiempos modernos, la industria del mueble hecho en madera, ocupa destacado lugar entre las industrias de consumo de productos duraderos en el mundo, si bien las técnicas han evolucionado aportando la tecnología maquinaria de alta precisión, aunque sin anular la creatividad de diseñadores de vanguardia.
Los estilos modernos de muebles, a base de módulos que encajan entre sí, facilitan el montaje, desmontaje y transporte, son más sencillos de hacer empleándose planchas laminadas y tableros contrachapados que se adecúan a las características generales del mueble moderno, elaborado con diseños de superficies planas y anchas, líneas rectas, ausencia de curvas exageradas y escasos adornos. Se impone el estilo moderno y funcional con tapicería de goma espuma, esponja, plumas, algodón, sintéticos, telas y pieles.
El artesano de la madera sigue ocupando un espacio, aunque más reducido, trabajando como artista para exquisitos de la talla y el estilo, además de la conservación y reparación.
Una empresa del sector en Daimiel, Muebles Pareja, hoy a la vanguardia de la modernidad, pero con 55 años de oficio, nos ha servido de guía para este reportaje cultural, orientándonos su fundador José María Pareja Pinilla en la confección de lo aquí expuesto.
Así mismo, Carpintería Ortega, carpintería en madera, nos ha aportado amablemente su colaboración “desempolvando” herramientas antiguas propias de museo, que se muestran en las imágenes gráficas de este reportaje. El gerente Justo Ortega nos describió el uso que los antiguos trabajadores de la madera hacían de cada una de ellas. Vaya para ellos nuestra gratitud.
Nuestra consideración y recuerdo para todas las personas vinculadas al sempiterno oficio de ebanistas, carpinteros y artesanos de la madera.
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